segunda-feira, 31 de outubro de 2011
Aula 6 (From October 31st to November 4th)
The critical period, or as it is called in a lot of the studies, the CP or CPH, which is just critical period hypothesis, is simply the idea that there is actually an age. A CPH is just a theory about at what age second language learning becomes more difficult. Read Bronwn's Chapter 6 and try to explain how important is age in learning a second laguage.
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Because the sooner the student has contact with a second language, greater will be your ability to hear and produce the specific sounds of a foreign language, which in turn will facilitate their learning. For example, children (3 to 6 years old) provide a further development of cognitive and creative skills, which will facilitate learning in other areas and develop their independence in learning, they can also absorb a second language with accurate pronunciation as a native , respecting and valuing cultural differences, customs, beliefs of another country, etc.. All this learning process is facilitated in infancy, because before six years they may develop language more easily and learn the second language in most cases without difficulty about orality, which does not happen in most cases with adults, since they already have knowledge of a world already formed.
ResponderExcluirThe hypothesis of the CP is entirely plausible and accepted, although there are factors that can vary from person to person. The child in early cognitive development, with less rooted habits, has the ability to learn a second language far more acute than an adult who is trained to perceive and produce only the phonemes of their mother tongue, which ends up making it harder learning a second language. I think this is one of the main factors that influence learning a second language for adult and children learners.
ResponderExcluirIn learning a new language, we know that a child is very easy to acquire a second language than adult. This is due to various cognitive factors. For an adult monolingual, have sedimented a phonological matrix, characterized by a damped auditory sensitivity, trained to perceive and produce only the phonemes of their language mother system. As a child, in turn, at the beginning of their cognitive development, filters with least developed and less rooted habits, has the ability to expand its phonological matrix, may acquire a system enriched by phonemes of foreign languages with which they have come to his contact.
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ResponderExcluirAs mentioned chapter 6, popular tradition, children are effortless and second language learners than to adults in Their eventual success. This is in fact the children are struggling in learning new and different is not to learn a second language, develop any skill in the learning of a second language. Develop skills for example, applied the approaches mentioned in chapter five, we see a positive result in the acquisition of a second language for children. second language is more than important for children's e sense of stimuli.
ResponderExcluirChildren assimilate a L2, especially the English, more naturally when they start earlier, because in this way can devote more time to learning the target language, accumulating a greater understanding and more solid. Piaget noticed that children have a particular way of thinking and understanding, reaching the theoretical formulation of cognitive development (child). But for this to happen it is necessary for L2 lessons for kids should be quite entertaining, especially for younger children. According to the researcher BROWN (2001) believes that the more a child is exposed to a word, the greater the retention of the same, and that the greater engagement in the process of learning a L2, the more the child will incorporate these new words.
ResponderExcluirThe age is a factor much important there’s consider when we are speaking in learning of a second language, because to each age is necessary use a different method to children, adults and teens. to be teacher of the second language is a challenge, because teacher have that to chose the method more right to each of the levels. For example to Children is necessary create activities to capture immediate interest, is necessary techniques of repetions, stimuled five senses of the children. With Adults they are more able learn rules and concepts, they have more developed thinking and able understand language contextualized. While teens are in level life that is age of transition, confusion, growing and changing bodies and minds and the teacher must are prepared for this and to chose method correctly to teens.
ResponderExcluirWe have the ability to learn any language at any age in our lives but it is scientifically proven that there are critical stages of development of certain higher functions for example: speech. Therefore it is interesting to start early learning another language just for this predisposition of the child has to assimilate contents, but, as is always said by the behavioral theory of everything will depend on stimuli coming from the scope where this child is immersed.
ResponderExcluirbecause children are more spontaneous , more attention is the forms of language . are less careless and do not have the problems faced by adults . however the may face some problems commom to the classroom . Brown syntthesize saing children are centered on the here and now.
ResponderExcluirStudies show that children have a particular way of to think and to understand, during this phase the words become instrument of thought process and the child becomes more communicative, so that is easier for children to acquire a second language. But studies have shown too that adults are not necessarily less able to acquire a second language, they can be superior in a number of aspects of acquisition.
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ResponderExcluirAccording to Brown, the “critical period” is a period in which a person learns a foreign language more easily. He and several other authors have discoursed on the subject. All allege that a child learns actually better than in adult. The reason is that in the “critical period” the person is more sensitive to stimuli because the neural masses are still developing, so can learn easily. I think that, irrespective of, what really matters is the willpower and dedication to do anything.
ResponderExcluirAlthough this hypothesis is very accepted as a relevant factor in learning a second language, we can not forget the individuality of each learner. The child has a young mind and intact therefore has greater ease of learning. The greatest difficulty with the education of children is to awaken their attention, since a whole new world of knowledge is being presented to them.
ResponderExcluirI have always been favorable to the idea that certainly is worshiped by most people for their opinion about the age that best suits the learning easier to assimilate, and that preliminary age, ie when a child learns more easily. Taking into account the time factor as a child and considering that the concerns are almost nonexistent. So I'm one of those who think it is the age that children have an easier time learning.
ResponderExcluirThe sooner a person learns a language, easy and natural will be learning. What is important in teaching a second language to children of all ages that never fails to take into account the whole child, with their cognitive and emotional, making learning an extra point in the sum of all other that will contribute in the formation of a child, well prepared, well structured and happy.
ResponderExcluirJÚLIO CÉSAR SOARES DISSE: It is know that children have more ease to learn a L2, proper several factors related with the affective, stimulus of the sensory input, intellectual development and othres. But is too proved that can to exist in adults aspects of aquisition of foreign language well developed.
ResponderExcluirThere is differences between the Children`s learning and adult´s learning. The children learn the things of way more natural with a focal peripheral of attention, and already the adults learning with the focus better surround the linguistic process and with they can acquire knowledge of grammar and linguistics conceptions more easily. The teacher has to know work this difference with his learns. Knowing the age level of the learns becomes important to that the teacher get to work of way adequate in the pave of his material, approach, methods, e inclusion of context.
ResponderExcluirThere is a period in which learning a second language becomes more difficult. We present biological limitations, grammar and pronunciation. According to Brown L2 learning happens more effectively in childhood, language develops more effectively and how much longer the exposure to a word that the child remain the greater assimilation of the same
ResponderExcluirBoth children and adults have the ability to learn a second language, the difference is that in each case there are advantages and disadvantages about the age factor. The contrast is between the child's spontaneous, peripheral attention to language forms and the adult's overt, focal awareness of and attention to those forms.
ResponderExcluirThe learning of a second language is much easier in children than in adults, because in adults the cognition is more developed and in children is still developing, become easier the acquisition of a second language. Of course that adults also have this ability, but it is less.
ResponderExcluirCristiane Sousa disse: A person can learn a second language at any age, but the sooner a person starts to learn an L2, better will be the learning. The best time to learn a second language, especially English is the phase of the child, because the cognition is still under construction, they are not afraid to express the new language, and like to associate the things they learned, with their day to day, even in terms of motivation for the child to be motivated is much easier. According to Brown (2001), the language develops more effectively during childhood.
ResponderExcluirAge is a very important factor when it comes to acquiring a L2.Scientific research have demonstrated that the rapid acquisition of new information sent to the human brain becomes more efficient in the early years of age, so the importance of working in an L2 initial series.Why Brown's claims that the best time to work in an L2 is exactly in the childhood.Period that the child finds it easier to learn and set new words to their vocabulary.
ResponderExcluirTeacher would like to tell you that I'm posting late because I hadproblems with the Internet (network) in town for a few days.
ResponderExcluir6º - David Singleton (1989) offered a series of proposals related toage and second language acquisition. The most popular notionsare "younger = better" and "older = better" (Singleton, p. 31). He, based on previous studies and research on age factor, focusing on the ability of students pronunciation and other linguisticfeatures. There are a lot of research to support "the younger the better" hypothesis. Yamanda et al. (Qty in Singleton, 1989)studied 30 Japanese elementary students from age seven to ten.These students have no previous experience of English. The researchers used a list of 40 words in English and recorded thesuccess rate of students. His discovery was that more than the average older students decreased with age that is, the higher the age the lower the score.
In addition, Mark S. Patkowski (1982) conducted a survey in 67highly skilled immigrants to the United States from various sources. In your control individuals, 33 individuals were those who had come to the United States before age 15 (prepubertal group) and 34 individuals who were postpubertal group with similar backgrounds. He examined the subjects' spoken English and considered "a difference between students who began learningEnglish before puberty and those who started learning Englishlater, after puberty" (Patkowski, 1982, p. 58). Their results showed a strong negative relationship between age of arrival andsyntactic rating. He concluded that the prepubertal group was better at language learning than the postpubertal group. He alsocovered: ... The only factor that was highly associated with thesyntactic level of proficiency achieved by students was the age at which began the acquisition of English. And teaching practicevariables showed little or no association with the dependent variables. The result, then, appeared to strongly support the hypothesis of an age-related limitations on the ability to acquirefull command of a second language. (Patkowski, 1982, p. 59)
He also concluded that age is highly related to several otherfactors as the number of years spent in the United States, the amount of information exposure to English and amount of formal instruction in English
Bearing in mind the words of Brown, that the critical period is a stage where the learner is easier to learn a foreign language, and that after it becomes increasingly difficult, especially when dealing with phonological, is of paramount importance that the acquisition of a foreign language before adolescence happen to a more efficient learning.
ResponderExcluirThe age of the learner is a factor that greatly influences learning and competence in second language, both in the cognitive and affective. BROWN (2001) lists a number of relevant factors that differentiate the learner of languages according to their age such as: intellectual development, time of concentration, affective factors among others, and if not respected can determine low performance in learning a foreign language . True q children assimilate the English lenguage, particularly English, more naturally when starting early because of this form will dedicate more time to learning language target LE, accumulating a greater understanding and more solid.
ResponderExcluirAccording to Brown there are some approaches that aid the teacher to teach Children. They are: Intellectual Development, in which the learner is more centered in the functional purposes of the language and less in the form; Attention Span, that claims that is necessary to use strategies where the learner learns to pay attention in the classroom; the Sensory Input that claims to be necessary to explore and stimulate all the senses of the child; The affective factor in which the teacher have to aid to build the learners' self-confidence. All these approaches help the children in the learning process. But, on the other hand the adults present superior cognitive abilities that can enable them to be more successful than the children, thus in the learning process what must be accounted for is the social interaction and the intrinsic and extrinsic motivation not the age level.
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